Revolutionary “Quartet Nanocage” Vaccine Effective Against Coronaviruses That Haven’t Even

Researchers have developed a groundbreaking vaccine technology, termed ‘proactive vaccinology,’ that trains the immune system to recognize specific regions of various coronaviruses, including those not yet known. This technology enables the vaccine to provide protection against a broad spectrum of potential future coronavirus pandemics. The approach contrasts with traditional methods by preparing for viruses before they emerge, using a ‘Quartet Nanocage’ nanoparticle structure to attach viral antigens and prompt an immune response. This proactive method could revolutionize how vaccines are developed for emerging threats, potentially accelerating the response to future pandemics.

Researchers have created a new vaccine technology that, in tests with mice, has demonstrated protection against a wide variety of coronaviruses, including those that could cause future disease outbreaks—even those not yet identified.

This is a new approach to vaccine development called ‘proactive vaccinology’, where scientists build a vaccine before the disease-causing pathogen even emerges.

The new vaccine works by training the body’s immune system to recognize specific regions of eight different coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1, University of Cambridge’s Department of Pharmacology and first author of the report.

He added: “We’ve created a vaccine that provides protection against a broad range of different coronaviruses – including ones we don’t even know about yet.”

The results were published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

Rory Hills, a graduate researcher in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Pharmacology, wants to be ready with a vaccine that will protect us against the next coronavirus pandemic before the pandemic has even started. Credit: Jacqueline Garget

“We don’t have to wait for new coronaviruses to emerge. We know enough about coronaviruses, and different immune responses to them, that we can get going with building protective vaccines against unknown coronaviruses now,” said Professor Mark Howarth in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Pharmacology, senior author of the report.

He added: “Scientists did a great job in quickly producing an extremely effective COVID vaccine during the last pandemic, but the world still had a massive crisis with a huge number of deaths. We need to work out how we can do even better than that in the future, and a powerful component of that is starting to build the vaccines in advance.”

The new ‘Quartet Nanocage’ vaccine is based on a structure called a nanoparticle – a ball of proteins held together by incredibly strong interactions. Chains of different viral antigens are attached to this nanoparticle using a novel ‘protein superglue’. Multiple antigens are included in these chains, which trains the immune system to target specific regions shared across a broad range of coronaviruses.

Collaborative Efforts and Technological Innovations

This study demonstrated that the new vaccine raises a broad immune response, even in mice that were pre-immunized with SARS-CoV-2.

The new vaccine is much simpler in design than other broadly protective vaccines currently in development, which the researchers say should accelerate its route into clinical trials.

The underlying technology they have developed also has the potential for use in vaccine development to protect against many other health challenges.

The work involved a collaboration between scientists at the University of Cambridge, the DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01655-9

The study was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.